# source: # 36th Edition Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1955-56), # Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. metre !0 gramme !1 second !2 coulomb !3 radian !4 bit !5 unitedstatesdollar !6 sheet !7 candle !8 kelvin !9 copperpiece !10 # important constants approx 1 pi approx 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841972 exp approx 2.7182818284590452353602874713526624977572 gamma approx 0.5772156649015328606065120900824024310422 phi approx 1.6180339887498948482045868343656381177203 % 1/100 percent % # distance meter metre m meter cm centimeter mm millimeter km kilometer micron 1e-4 cm inch 100/3937 meter inches inch in inch foot 12 inches feet foot ft foot yard 3 feet yd yard rod 5.5 yards pole rod perch rod mile 320 rods mi mile mil .001 inch hand 4 inches span 9 inches fathom 6 feet link 1/25 rods chain 4 rods surveyerschain chain gunterschain chain engineerschain 100 ft ramsdenschain engineerschain nauticalmile approx 1.1516 mi ligne .225583 cm pouce 12 lignes pied 12 pouces toise 6 pieds parisline ligne parisinch pouce parisfoot pied point 1/72 inch line 6 points pica 12 points # area are 1 dekameter+2 centare centiare hectare hectoare rood 40 rod+2 acre 4 roods # volume cc cm+3 litre 1000 cc # open to dispute liter litre l litre ml millilitre stere m+3 boardfoot 1 ft+2 inch cord 128 ft+3 # US liquid measure minim .0616102 millilitres fluiddram 60 minims fluidounce 8 fluiddrams gill 4 fluidounces cup 2 gills tablespoon 1/16 cup teaspoon 1/3 tablespoon pint 2 cups quart 2 pints gallon 4 quarts firkin 9 gallons hogshead 63 gallons tun 252 gallons floz fluidounce fldr fluiddram qt quart gal gallon tsp teaspoon tbsp tablespoon # US dry measure drypint .550599 litre dryquart 2 drypints peck 4 dryquarts bushel 4 pecks # British fluid and dry measure (are these really the same?) brgill 1.4206 deciliter brpint 4 brgill brcup 2/5 brpint brfluidounce 1/8 brcup brtablespoon 1/16 brcup brteaspoon 1/3 brtablespoon brquart 2 brpint pottle 2 brquart brgallon 2 pottle brfirkin 9 brgallon brpeck 2 brgallon brbushel 4 brpeck brquarter 8 brbushel brfloz brfluidounce brtbsp brtablespoon brtsp brteaspoon brqt brquart brgal brgallon # mass gram gramme mg milligram g gram kg kilogram grain .064798918 g # avoirdupois pound 7000 grain ounce 1/16 pound dram 1/16 ounce hundredweight 100 pounds ton 20 hundredweight stone 14 pounds quarter 2 stone longhundredweight 4 quarters longton 20 longhundredweight gr grain dr dram oz ounce lb pound cwt hundredweight # troy pennyweight 24 grains troyounce 20 pennyweight troypound 12 troyounce oldcarat 3.168 grains # replaced by the metric carat dwt pennyweight ozt troyounce lbt troypound # apothecaries' scruple 20 grains apothecariesdram 3 scruples apothecariesounce 8 apothecariesdrams apothecariespound 12 apothecariesounces drap apothecariesdram ozap apothecariesounce lbap apothecariespound # time minute 60 seconds hour 60 minutes day 24 hours year approx 365.2422 days leapyear 366 days lunarmonth approx 42524.047 minutes siderialsecond .997270 seconds sec second min minute hr hour yr year mo lunarmonth month lunarmonth # angles degree pi/180 radians arcminute 1/60 degrees arcsecond 1/60 arcminutes circumference 360 degrees grade 1/400 circumference centesimalminute 1/100 grade centesimalsecond 1/100 centesimalminute deg degree turn 2 pi radians # solid angle steradian square radian sphere 4 pi steradians entirespace 4 pi steradians sphericalrightangle 1/8 sphere squaredegree 3.0462e-4 steradian # electrical and magnetic electron 1.6021917e-19 coulomb e electron ampere coulomb/second amp ampere watt kg m+2/sec+3 volt watt/ampere ohm volt/ampere megohm megaohm microhm microohm kilohm kiloohm mho 1/ohm seimen mho farad coulomb/volt henry volt sec/ampere weber volt sec maxwell 1e-8 weber gauss maxwell / cm+2 gilbert .79577472 ampere turn oersted gilbert/cm # temperature rankine 1.8 kelvin # pdp-11 nibble 4 bits nybble nibble byte 2 nibbles word 2 bytes block 256 words sector block rptrack 22 sectors rpcylinder 19 rptracks rpdisk 411 rpcylinders # rp04 bigrpdisk 815 rpcylinders # rp06 k 1024 kilobyte k bytes kiloword k words megabyte k kilobytes megaword k kilowords # light lambert 1/pi candle/sq cm footlambert 1/pi candle/sq ft bougiedecimale approx .1 candle lumen candle steradian carcelunit 9.6 candle englishspermcandle approx 1 candle footcandle lumen/sq ft lux lumen/sq m phot 1e4 lux hefnerunit approx .90 candle pentanecandle approx 1 candle stilb candle/sq cm # Foreign Exchange # from The Wall Street Journal, Friday, October 10, 1980, page 40. dollar unitedstatesdollar $ dollar cent $.01 buck dollar argentinepeso $0.000052 australiandollar $1.1765 austrianschilling $0.0783 belgianfranc $0.03427 braziliancruzeiro $0.01808 britishpound $2.4030 canadiandollar $0.8588 chineseyuan $0.6767 colombianpeso $0.0216 danishkrone $0.1797 ecuadoriansucre $0.0375 finnmarkka $0.2742 frenchfranc $0.2393 greekdrachma $0.02331 hongkongdollar $0.1992 indianrupee $0.1286 indonesianrupiah $0.0016 irishpound $2.0875 israelishekel $0.1689 italianlira $0.001163 japaneseyen $0.004039 lebanesepound $0.2886 malaysianringgit $0.4715 mexicanpeso $0.0434 dutchguilder $0.5100 newzealanddollar $0.9815 norwegiankrone $0.2049 pakistanirupee $0.1016 peruviansol $0.0037 philippinepeso $0.1360 portugeseescudo $0.0199 arabianriyal $0.3012 singaporedollar $0.4766 southafricanrand $1.3322 southkoreanwon $0.00167 spanishpeseta $0.01352 swedishkrona $0.1131 swissfranc $0.6119 taiwandollar $0.6767 thaibaht $0.05 uruguayannewpeso $0.1147 venezuelanbolivar $0.2358 westgermanmark $0.5545 schilling austrianschilling cruzeiro braziliancruzeiro yuan chineseyuan krone danishkrone sucre ecuadoriansucre markka finnmarkka drachma greekdrachma rupee indianrupee rupiah indonesianrupiah shekel israelishekel lira italianlira yen japaneseyen ringgit malaysianringgit peso mexicanpeso guilder dutchguilder sol peruviansol escudo portugeseescudo riyal arabianriyal rand southafricanrand won southkoreanwon peseta spanishpeseta krona swedishkrona franc frenchfranc fr franc sfr swissfranc baht thaibaht mark westgermanmark # D&D money silverpiece 10 copperpieces goldpiece 20 silverpieces electrumpiece 2 goldpieces platinumpiece 5 goldpieces gp goldpiece sp silverpiece cp copperpiece ep electrumpiece pp platinumpiece # miscellaneous angstrom 1e-10 m au 1.49504e8 km bag 3 bushels barleycorn 1/3 inch barrel 31.5 gal bbl barrel drybarrel 105 dryquarts brbarrel 36 brgal bolt 120 ft bucket 4 brgallon butt 126 brgallon cablelength 720 ft carat .2 gram ct carat cental 100 lb chaldron 36 bushels brchaldron 32 brbushels circle 2 pi radians circularinch pi/4 inch+2 circularmil pi/4 mil+2 circularmillimeter pi/4 mm+2 circularmm circularmillimeter clove 8 lb customarystone clove coomb 4 brbushels cordfoot 1/8 cord cordfeet cordfoot cdft cordfoot dalton 1.650e-24 gram amu 1.660531e-24 gram siderialday approx 8.6164e4 sec drachm 60 minims ell 45 inches em pica furlong 40 rods knot nauticalmile/hr nail 2.25 in noggin 1/32 brgallon pace 30 in palm 3 in parsec 3.08374e13 km masonryperch 24.75 ft+3 puncheon 84 gallon quadrant 90 deg longquarter 1/4 longton quartercapacity 8 brbushels linearquarter 1/4 yard quartermass 1/4 longhundredweight dryquartern 1/2 brgallon liquidquartern 1/32 brgallon quintal 100 kg quire 25 sheets ream 20 quires registerton 100 ft+3 revolution 360 degrees rodvolume 1000 ft+3 rope 20 ft sack 3 brbushels seam 8 brbushels sign 30 degrees skein 360 ft slug 32.174 lbs geepound slug strike 2 bushels tonne 1000 kg metricton tonne millier tonne township 36 mi+2 week 7 days fortnight 2 weeks wey 40 bushels weymass 252 pounds rpm revolution/minute light 2.9979250e8 m/sec c light lightyear light year gravity 9.80665 m/sec+2 gee gravity weight gravity force gravity demal g/decimeter+3 water 1 g/cc force mercury 13.5951 g/cc force pascal kg/m+2 psi lb/sq in hg mercury torr mm hg karat 1/24 minersinch 1.2 ft+3/min dyne g cm/sec+2 newton 1e5 dynes nt newton poundal ft lb/sec+2 atmosphere 760 mm hg bar 1e6 dyne/cm+2 barye dyne/cm+2 joule watt sec erg 1e-7 joule britishthermalunit 1054.8 joules btu britishthermalunit centigradethermalunit 1898.3 joules ctu centigradethermalunit chevalvapeurheure 2.6478e6 joules calorie 4.186 joules cal calorie kcal kilocal megalerg 1e6 erg chevalvapeur 736 watts forcedecheval chevalvapeur horsepower .74570 kilowatts poise gram/cm/sec stoke poise cc/gram rhe 1/poise proof 1/200 h 6.626196e-34 joule sec # Planck's constant mole 6.022169e23 # Avogadro's number faraday mole e xunit 1.0020764 angstrom barn 1e-24 cm+2 shed .01 barn league 3 mi last 640 brgallon ev electron volt kilderkin 18 brgallons reyn 6.89476e6 centipoise solarmass 1.991e30 kg earthmass 5.979e24 kg lunarmass 7.3544e22 kg earthradius 6371.315 km electronmass 9.109558e-28 g protonmass 1.672614e-24 g neutronmass 1.674920e-24 g alpha 1/137.03602 # fine structure constant R 8.31434 joules/kelvin # gas law constant G 6.6732e-11 nt m+2 kg-2 # gravitational constant rhydbergconstant 1.09737312e7 m-1 bohrradius 5.2917715e-11 m electronradius alpha+2 bohrradius bolzmansconstant 1.380622e-23 joules/kelvin stephanbolzmansconstant 5.66961e-8 watt kelvin+4/m+2 choppin 1/2 pint # Principle foreign weights and measures, # from 11th ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica almude 16.8 litre # Portugal anoman 5.60 brbushel # Ceylon ammomam anoman amomam anoman khat 1 cm # Turkey parmak 10 khat archin 10 parmak mill 1000 archin pharoagh 10 mills ardeb 5.447 brbushel # Egypt arpent 100 sq perch # France arroba 14.68 kg # Portugal artaba 1.809 brbushel # Persia aune 4 ft # Jersey barilo 12.834 brgallon # Rome bat 234 grains # Siam tical bat behar 439.45 lb # Arabia berri 1.084 mi # Turkey boisseau 15 litre # Belgium boutylka 1.353 brpint # Russia braca 2.22 m # Portugal braccio .670 m # Spain bracciodara 29.528 in # Rome brasse 5.328 ft # France braza 5.682 ft # Argentina bu 3.0306 sq m # Japan tsubo bu bunder 2.471 acres # Netherlands cabot 139 brgills # Jersey pot 1/10 cabot candy 560 lb # Bombay cantar 124.7 lb # Turkey cantarapiccolo 74.771 lb # Italy capicha .58 brgallon # Persia cawnie 1.322 acre # Madras centner 50 kilogram # Austria, Denmark, Switzerland ch'ih 1.175 ft # China pu 5 ch'ih chang 10 ch'ih chapah 9/5 lb # N. Borneo chek 117/8 in # Hong Kong chenica .289 brgallon # Persia ch'ien 58.5 grains # China ching 121 sq ft # China ch'ing 72600 sq ft # China tola 180 grains # Bengal chittack 5 tola ch'ok 7.75 in # Korea chuo 1815 sq ft # China chupah 1.66 brpint # Singapore chupak 1 brquart # Straits Settlements collothun 1.809 brgallon # Persia coss 1.136 meter # Bengal covado .66 meter # Portugal covid 18 in # Madras, Bombay, Siam covido approx 18 in # Arabia greatcovido 27 in cuartillo .504 liter # Spain drycuartillo 1.16 liter # Spain daktylon 1 cm # Greece daribah 43.58 brbushel # Egypt deciatina 2.7 acres # Russia sagene 1/2400 deciatina denaro 18.17 grains # Rome deunam are # Turkey diraa 27 in # Egypt draa diraa pic diraa dirhem 1.761 dram # Egypt djerib hectare # Turkey dolia .686 grain # Russia dola dolia zolotnick 96 dolia drachme 1 gram # Greece ducat 53.873 grains # Vienna duim 1 cm # Netherlands eimer 12.448 brgallons # Austria el 1 meter # Netherlands ella 1 yard # N. Borneo endaseh approx 25 in # Egypt hindazi endaseh faltche 1.4322 hectare # Moldavia fanega 3.773 brbushel # Argentina farn 11.43 cm cognel 4 farns fass 1 hectolitre # Germany feddan 1.028 acre # Egypt fen 5.83 grains # China fjerdingkar .9564 brbushel # Denmark fod 1.0297 foot # Denmark foglietto .8 brpint # Rome fot 11.689 in # Sweden stong 10 fot ref 10 stong founte .90282 lb # Russia funt founte livre founte foute 1 ft # Russia frasco 21/8 litre # Argentina fuss 1.037 ft # Vienna gantang 32 brgallon # Straits Settlements garnetz .3607 brpeck # Russia go 180.39 cc # Japan grano .757 grain # Rome grao .768 grain # Portugal grein .065 gram # Netherlands hat'h 18 in # Bengal, Bombay moolum hat'h hiyakame 5797.198 grains # Japan hiyakkin 132.5 lb # Japan hu approx 12.5 brgallons # China immi 1.5 litre # Switzerland joch 1.422 acre # Austria-Hungary kaima .576 brgallon # Sweden kanne 1/4 kaima kanna kanne kan 4/3 lb # Hong Kong rotl .990492 lb # Egypt kantar 100 rotl cantaro kantar batman 6.5 lb # Persia karwar 100 batman kassabah 3.8824 yards # Egypt kati 4/3 lb # China, Straits Settlements gin kati ken 5.965 ft # Japan kerat 9/8 in # Turkey kette 10.936 yd # Germany ellen 1/14.994 kette # Germany keu 40 in # Siam kile 8 brgal # Cyprus killow .97 brbushel # Turkey kin .601 kg # Japan, China klafter 2.0740 yd # Austria koddi 1.67 brgal # Arabia koilon 1 hectolitre # Greece koku 4.9629 brbushel # Japan gall 1/39.7033 koku # Japan to 3.9703 galls # Japan kon 4/3 lb # Corea korntonde 138.97 litres # Norway korntopmaal 160 litres # Norway korrel 1 decigram # Netherlands kotyle 1 decilitre # Greece kouza 9 brquart # Cyprus koyan 16000/3 lb # Straits Settlements krina 12.8 litres # Bulgaria kung 78.96 in # China kup 10 in # Siam momme .008281 lb # Japan kwan 1000 momme # Japan kuwan kwan kyat .03652 lb # Burma lak't .650 metre # Bulgaria leang 1750/3 grain # China lckha 229.83 sq m # Bulgaria li 360 pu # China liang 4/3 oz # China chin 16 liang # China catty chin libbra .7477 lb # Italy libra 1.0127 lb # Argentina arratel 1.012 lb # Portugal liniia .1 inch # Russia archine 280 liniias # Russia mystra 1/100 litre # Greece litra 100 mystra # Greece litro 1 litre # Spain, Italy apothecarieslivre 11.5204 troyounces # Russia livrepoids .4895 kg # France maass 1.245 brquart # Austria maatze 1 decilitre # Netherlands mace 175/3 grains # China mahud 2.04 lb # Arabia maik 13/2 inches # Burmah cubit 3 maik # Burmah marc .2448 kg # France onca 229.5/8 gram # Portugal marco 8 onca # Portugal metro metre # Spain, Italy metz 1.691 brbushel # Austria miglio .925 mile # Rome mijle kilometer # Netherlands milha 1.296 mile # Portugal mille 1.949 kilometre # France miscal 71 grains # Persia mkono 45.72 centimetres # East Africa mna 3/2 kg # Greece oka 1/1.72 mna # Greece morgen .631 acre # Denmark, Norway, Prussia mou 806.65 sq yd # China mud 1 hectolitre # Netherlands nin 10/12 in # Siam obolos 1 decigram # Greece ock 1 kg # Turkey octavillo .29 litre # Spain oitavo 1.730 litre # Portugal oke 1.28 litre # Bulgaria once 30.59 gram # France oncia 436.165 grain # Rome onze 1 hectogramme # Netherlands onzen onze # Netherlands pond 10 onzen # Netherlands packen 1083.382 lb # Russia palamo 1 decimetre # Greece palmo .22 metre # Portugal para 90 lb # N. Borneo parah 5.59 brpints # Ceylon po 1/3 meter # Portugal pecheuse 1/1.543 m # Greece pecul 400/3 lb # China guz 3.88/6000 mi # Persia persakh 6000 guz # Persia parasang persakh # Persia loth .615 oz # Germany unze 2 loth # Germany unzen unze # Germany pfund 16 unzen # Germany picki .648 m # Greece pie 11.73 in # Rome piedeburgos 11.13 in # Spain pounce 1.181 in # Belgium piedderoi .3248 m # France perche 22 sq piedderoi # France pipe 126 brgallon # Gilbraltar poidedemare .2448 kilogram # France polegada 27.77 mm # Portugal apothecariespond 375 gram # Netherlands paegle .425 brpint # Denmark poud 36 lb # Russia pood poud # Russia puddee 2.89 brpint # Madras pulgada .927 in # Spain pund 500 gram # Denmark quarto 2.024 brbushel # Rome quintale quintal # Italy ratel 1.014 lb # Persia rattel 17.219 lb # Arabia rottle rattel # Arabia ri 2.440 mi # Japan rode 3.762 m # Denmark roede 1 dekametre # Netherlands rottolo rotl # Egypt rottol 2.513 brpint # Turkey rubbio 1.012 brquarter # Spain scheffel 50 litres # Germany schepel 1 dekalitre # Netherlands schoppen 1/2 litre # Germany se 118.615 sq yd # Japan seer 72/35 lb # India passerce 5 seer # Bengal maund 40 seer # India seidel .6224 brpint # Austria sen 44.4 mi # Siam ser 1 litre # India shaku .3 metre # Japan sheng 1.813 brpint # China shih 160 lb # China shoo 1.804 litre # Japan skaalpund 435.076 grams # Sweden skeppe 17.39 litre # Denmark skjeppe 17.37 litre # Norway stab 1 metre # Germany stadron 1 km # Greece stero stere # Italy streepe 1 mm # Holland stremma 1 are # Greece strich 1 mm # Germany striche .3 mm # Switzerland stunde 4.8 km # Switzerland stunden stunde # Switzerland stunder 5 stunden # Switzerland zer 73/2 in # Persia zoll .3 decimetre # Switzerland sultchek parmak+3 # Turkey sung 4 lb # Corea tael 10 momme # Japan hoon 4/300 oz # Straits Settlements chee 10 hoon # Straits Settlements tahil 10 chee # Straits Settlements tam 400/3 lb # Hong Kong tan 25 brgal # China tang 2 mi # Burma tangsun 10 li # China tank 1225/72 grains # Bombay pice 72/30 tanks # Bombay tcharka .866 brgill # Russia tchetverik .7215 brbushels # Russia tcheverte 8 tchetveriks # Russia teng 2218.2 cu in # Burma thanan 1.5 brpint # Siam thangsat 4.688 brgallon # Siam tonde 131.392 litres # Denmark drytonde 139.121 litres # Denmark tonnelada 793.15 kg # Portugal tonos 29.526 cwt # Greece tou approx 18 brpint # China tovar 128.2 kg # Bulgaria t'sun 1.41 inch # China tu 100.142 mi # China vara 33 in # Spain vat 1 hectolitre # Holland schtoff .27056 litres # Russia vedro 10 schtoff # Russia verchok 1.75 in # Russia verst .66288 mi # Russia versta verst # Russia vierkanteroede are # Holland viertel 1.7 brgallon # Denmark viss 511/140 lb # Rangoon wa 80 in # Siam wigtje 1 gram # Netherlands wisse stere # Netherlands mexicoyard 838 cm # Mexico zac hectolitre # Netherlands doli 65.8306/96 grains # Russia zolotnik 96 doli # Russia