\pagenumbering{arabic} \section{Introduction} \label{Introduction} TECO is a powerful text editing language available under most DIGITAL operating systems. TECO may be used to edit any form of ASCII text: program sources, command procedures, or manuscripts, for example. TECO is a character-oriented editor, and also offers a number of facilities for dealing with lines of text. \medskip You can use TECO interactively, issuing commands which are to be executed as soon as they are typed in. (TECO is an interpreter.) In this mode, TECO can be used for tasks ranging from very simple to quite complex. \medskip You can write sequences of commands called macros, which can be stored and then invoked by short commands or even single keystrokes. You can write sequences of commands to be run as TECO programs, and store them on disk for execution at convenience. \medskip TECO can be used as an implementation language, as it provides powerful primitive functions for text processing, screen handling, and keyboard management. (The VTEDIT program included with some TECO distributions is an example of a full keypad editor developed in the TECO language.) \medskip TECO correctly handles most sequential ASCII formats supported by the operating systems upon which it runs. It provides flexible pattern-matching constructs for text searching, file wildcarding, and special support for editing BASIC-PLUS/BASIC-PLUS-2 source programs. A split screen scrolling feature allows command dialogue to share the screen with an automatically-updated window into the editing buffer. \medskip TECO's syntax is terse; commands are designed to minimize keystrokes. Also, the versatility of TECO ``in all its glory'' makes it complex. However, just a few commands suffice to get real work done, and a novice TECO user can begin creating and editing text files after only a few hours of instruction. More powerful features can be learned one at a time, and at leisure. \medskip This manual presents TECO in two stages. The first part (Chapter~1) contains basic information and introduces that set of ``just a few'' commands. \medskip Subsequent chapters describe the full TECO command set, including a review of the those commands presented in Chapter~1. These chapters also introduce the concept of TECO as a programming language and explain how basic editing commands may be combined into ``programs'' sophisticated enough to handle the most complicated editing tasks. \medskip The early sections of this manual include few specific examples of commands, since all TECO commands have a consistent, logical format which will quickly become apparent to the beginning user. There is, however, an extensive example at the end of Chapter~1 which employs most of the commands introduced up to that point. Students of TECO should experiment with each command as it is introduced, and then duplicate the examples on their computer. \medskip (If a video terminal which supports split-screen scrolling such as a member of the VT100 or VT200 families is available and the TECO being used supports it, seeing both your commands and their effects in the text buffer simultaneously can make learning easier. A command such as {\tt 5,7:W} allows 5 lines for command dialogue, while ``watching'' the text buffer on the remainder of the screen. The {\tt 7:W} command is described in Table \ref{Video Terminal Status Commands} \medskip This manual is intended to be a reference manual, and except for Chapter \ref{Basics of TECO} is not a tutorial. After Chapter \ref{Basics of TECO}, it is assumed that the reader has a general familiarity with TECO and is referring to this manual to find detailed information. \medskip The following notation is used in this manual to represent special characters: \medskip \begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|} \hline Notation & ASCII code (octal) & Name \\ \hline {\tt} & 0 & Null \\ \fbox {BS} & 10 & Backspace \\ \fbox {TAB} & 11 & Tab \\ \fbox {LF} & 12 & Line Feed \\ \fbox {VT} & 13 & Vertical Tab \\ \fbox {FF} & 14 & Form Feed \\ \fbox {CR} & 15 & Carriage Return \\ \fbox {ESCAPE} or \$ & 33 & ESCape or Altmode \\ \fbox {CTRL/x} & - & Control-x \\ \fbox {space} & 40 & Space \\ \fbox {DELETE} & 177 & Delete or Rubout \\ \fbox {DELIM} or \escape & - & (See below) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \medskip \fbox {DELIM} is a character used to signify the end of text strings and TECO commands typed at the console. (TECO presumes that you may need to deal with carriage return and line feed as ordinary characters in ASCII text, so another character must be used as TECO's text-string and command-string delimiter.) When a command string is being executed, TECO looks for the ESCape character (octal 033) as its delimiter. Some newer terminals, however, no longer possess an ESCape key. Late-model TECO's are capable of recognizing a surrogate (some other, user-specified) character as signifying an ESCape when typed at the console. Such a character echos as accent grave -- you see an \escape character, and TECO receives an ESCape character. (Note that TECO programs, command files, and macros cannot use the surrogate, since it is translated to ESCape only when you type it at the console.) For details on choosing a surrogate for ESCape, see the {\tt EE} flag or the {\tt 8192 ET} bit (section~\ref{Mode Control Flags}). Throughout this manual, the term \fbox {DELIM} is used to mean whatever character you type as a text-string or command-string delimiter. The \escape character is used throughout to mean whichever character is echoed for a keystroke which passes an ESCape to TECO; if no ESCape surrogate is active, you will see a {\tt \$} instead. Control characters, \fbox {CTRL/x}, are produced by striking the \fbox {CONTROL} key and a character key simultaneously. Throughout this manual, upper case characters will be used to represent TECO commands. \section* {Preface to the MAY 1985 Edition} \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Preface to the MAY 1985 Edition} \subsection*{Trading in the ESCape key} In the beginning, terminals had ESCape keys. (Go back far enough and the device {\tt TT:} stands for might actually have existed on the system, too.) Programs wanting to treat \fbox {CR}~\&~Co. as data needed another character to serve as command delimiter, and ESCape looked available. Times change. Welcome to ESCape sequences, to cursor-control and function keys. Farewell to \$. See the Introduction for the notation used in this manual. Hello \escape. \subsection*{Changes to the manual} This edition of the manual incorporates new material pertinent to the enhancements to TECO-11 between Version 36 and Version 40 (see below). Although this manual is still not intended to be a tutorial, some ``how to learn'' suggestions (such as use of split-screen scrolling) were added, as were indications of how TECO can be used to build custom-designed editors. Numerous smaller changes were also made: clarifications, new index and glossary entries, additional explanatory material and cross referrals, correction of old typographic errors, and (no doubt) addition of new ones. From Version 36 to Version 40 - affected section numbers \subsection*{Manual organization/additions} \begin{itemize} \item Introduction to Macros (new section), \ref{Introduction to Macros} \item Split-screen scrolling, \ref{Scope Commands} \item ``Immediate action commands'' renamed to ``immediate inspection commands'', \ref{Immediate Inspection Commands} \item ``Immediate action editing characters'' (new name), \ref{Immediate Action Editing Characters} \item VAX/VMS filespec qualifiers, format/attribute table, \ref{File Record Format} \item Eight-bit ASCII character set table, Appendix \ref{ASCII Character Set} \item Handling for BASIC-PLUS-x source files, Appendix \ref{BASIC-PLUS/BASIC-PLUS-2 Handling} \subsection[{Significant software changes}] {``Significant'' software changes} \begin{itemize} \item ESCape surrogate - {\tt EE} flag, {\tt 8192 ET} bit, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item Reverse paging ({\tt -P}, et al, VAX/VMS only), \ref{Page Manipulation Commands} \item Reverse searching ({\tt -N}, et al, VAX/VMS only), \ref{Search Commands} \item Local Q-registers, \ref{Q-registers} \item Local Q-register manipulation, \ref{Q-register Manipulation} \item Immediate ESCape-sequence commands, \ref{Immediate ESCAPE-Sequence Commands} \item :{\tt \^{ }T}, read/decode a keystroke, \ref{Special Numeric Values} \item {\tt 32 ED} bit controls immediate ESC-seq commands, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item Acceptance and handling of 8-bit characters, [throughout] \item Typeout of 8-bit data, and the {\tt 4096 ET} bit, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item {\tt n:\^{ }T}, one-shot binary-mode character typeout, \ref{Text Type Out Commands} \item TECO HELP facilities on VAX/VMS, \ref{Help} \end{itemize} \subsection[Minor software changes] {``Minor'' software changes} \begin{itemize} \item {\tt \^{ }W} as immediate mode command (screen re-paint), \ref{Immediate Action Commands} \item \fbox {DELIM} character as immediate inspection command, \ref{Immediate Inspection Commands}, \ref{Immediate Action Commands} \item Null tag allowed in computed GOTO, \ref{Branching Commands} \item {\tt nFRtext`} command (replace n characters), \ref{Insertion Commands} \item {\tt m,nFRtext`} command (replace from {\tt m} to {\tt n}), \ref{Insertion Commands} \item {\tt\^{ }E} (form feed flag) can now be user-set, \ref{Special Numeric Values} \item Setting {\tt 1:W} changes width and O/S characteristic, \ref{Scope Commands} \item WRAP/NOWRAP set by 256 ET bit on VAX/VMS, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item {\tt 128 ED} bit inhibits auto-refresh in split scrolling, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item Search matching with diacritical marks, \ref{Mode Control Flags} \item New {\tt 0:W} codes for VT102 and GIGI scope types, \ref{Scope Commands} \item VAX/VMS handling of {\tt \^{ }T} (disabled when), \ref{Operating System Character Filters} \end{itemize} \end{itemize}